The name Augustine is derived from the Latin name Augustinus, which itself is derived from the Roman name Augustus. The name Augustus was originally a title bestowed upon the first Roman emperor, Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, in 27 BC. It comes from the Latin word "augustus" meaning "venerable" or "consecrated."

Augustine was a common name among early Christians, particularly in the 4th and 5th centuries AD. This is likely due to the influence of St. Augustine of Hippo (354-430 AD), one of the most influential theologians and philosophers of the early Christian church. St. Augustine was born in Thagaste, a town in the Roman province of Numidia (modern-day Algeria).

Another early bearer of the name was Augustine of Canterbury (died c. 604/605 AD), a Benedictine monk who became the first Archbishop of Canterbury in 597 AD. He is known as the "Apostle to the English" for his efforts in establishing Christianity in England.

In the Middle Ages, the name Augustine was popular among members of the Augustinian order of monks, which was founded in the 11th century and named after St. Augustine of Hippo. One notable bearer of the name from this period was Augustine of Hippo (1195-1284), an Italian theologian and philosopher who wrote extensively on the works of Aristotle.

During the Renaissance and Reformation periods, the name Augustine remained popular among Christians, particularly in Catholic and Protestant circles. One famous bearer was Augustine Kannengiesser (c. 1468-1544), a German humanist scholar and reformer who was a friend and associate of Martin Luther.

Other notable figures named Augustine include Augustine Warner (c. 1611-1674), an English settler in Virginia who was the great-great-grandfather of George Washington; Augustine Calmet (1672-1757), a French Benedictine monk and Biblical scholar; and Augustine Birrell (1850-1933), an English writer, barrister, and politician.