The name Baltazar originates from the Aramaic name Baltshazzar, which means "Lord protect the king" or "Bel defend the king". The name has its roots in the ancient Babylonian culture, with Bel being the principal deity in the Babylonian pantheon.

In the Bible, Baltazar (or Belshazzar) is mentioned as one of the last kings of Babylon in the Book of Daniel. According to the biblical account, he witnessed the famous "writing on the wall" during a grand feast, which was interpreted by the prophet Daniel as a portent of the kingdom's downfall.

One of the earliest recorded instances of the name Baltazar is found in ancient Greek texts, where it was spelled as "Balthasar". This spelling variation was likely influenced by the Greek translation of the Old Testament, known as the Septuagint.

In the Middle Ages, the name Baltazar became associated with one of the three wise men or Magi who visited the infant Jesus, as mentioned in the Gospel of Matthew. This association led to the name's widespread use in Christian communities across Europe.

Notable historical figures with the name Baltazar include Baltazar de Echave y Rixi (1551-1624), a Spanish Renaissance painter known for his religious works. Another prominent figure was Baltazar Gracián (1601-1658), a Spanish Jesuit philosopher and writer whose works explored concepts of wit, prudence, and the art of worldly wisdom.

In the realm of literature, Baltazar Claramunt (1618-1667) was a Spanish playwright and poet active during the Golden Age of Spanish theatre. Baltazar Dias (c. 1537-1619) was a Portuguese navigator and explorer who made significant contributions to the exploration of the Indian Ocean and the East Indies.

Baltazar Hidalgo de Cisneros (1757-1829) was a Spanish naval officer and colonial administrator who served as the last Viceroy of the Río de la Plata, playing a pivotal role in the Spanish American wars of independence.