The name Eugenia has its origins in the Greek language, derived from the word "eugenes," which means "well-born" or "of noble descent." It is a feminine name that first emerged in ancient Greek culture, likely during the classical period.

One of the earliest recorded instances of the name Eugenia can be found in Greek mythology, where it was the name of a figure associated with fertility and abundance. In ancient Greek texts, the name is sometimes used as an epithet for the goddesses Hera and Demeter, both of whom were revered for their roles in ensuring bountiful harvests and the continuation of life.

During the Roman era, the name Eugenia gained popularity among the upper classes, who valued its connotations of noble birth and refinement. It was particularly favored by families of Hellenic descent, who sought to maintain their cultural heritage and connections to the Greek world.

In the early Christian period, the name Eugenia took on additional significance. Saint Eugenia, a Christian martyr from the 3rd or 4th century, was said to have lived a life of piety and sacrifice, ultimately being put to death for her faith. Her story was widely circulated, and her name became associated with virtues such as courage, devotion, and fortitude.

One of the earliest recorded individuals with the name Eugenia was Eugenia Hesychides, a Byzantine scholar and philosopher who lived in the 5th century. She was renowned for her expertise in the works of Plato and her contributions to the philosophical discourse of her time.

In the medieval period, the name Eugenia continued to be used across Europe, particularly in regions with strong Greek or Byzantine cultural influences. One notable figure was Eugenia of Kiev, a princess of the Kyivan Rus' who lived in the 11th century and was known for her charitable works and patronage of the arts.

During the Renaissance, the name Eugenia experienced a resurgence in popularity, particularly among the nobility and intellectual circles. Eugenia Sforza, an Italian noblewoman and patron of the arts, lived in the late 15th century and was renowned for her literary and artistic patronage.

In the 18th century, Eugenia Monti, an Italian poet and translator, gained recognition for her lyrical works and contributions to the literary salon culture of her time.

Another notable figure was Eugenia Petre, a British aristocrat and Catholic activist who lived in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. She played a significant role in advocating for Catholic emancipation and religious tolerance in England.