The name Paula is a feminine given name derived from the ancient Roman family name Paulinus, which itself comes from the Roman name Paulus, meaning "small" or "humble" in Latin. The name Paulus was derived from the Latin word "paulus", meaning "little".

Paula emerged as a distinct name in its own right during the Middle Ages, particularly in Southern Europe. It was commonly used among Christians, as it was borne by several early saints and martyrs. One of the earliest notable individuals with this name was Saint Paula of Rome, a 4th-century Roman widow who founded several monasteries in Bethlehem.

The name gained popularity across Europe during the Roman era and the Middle Ages. It was particularly common in Italy, Spain, Portugal, and France. In the 9th century, the Frankish theologian and historian Paulinus of Aquileia wrote extensively about the life of Paulinus of Nola, a 5th-century Roman poet and bishop who took the name Paula.

As the name spread across Europe, it took on various spellings and forms, such as Paola, Pauline, and Paulette. One of the most famous individuals named Paula was the Italian Renaissance poet and philosopher Paula da Gambara (1463-1505), who was celebrated for her literary works and intellectual prowess.

Another notable Paula was the Spanish noblewoman Paula de Benavides (1468-1508), who served as a lady-in-waiting to Queen Isabella I of Castile. In the 16th century, the Italian poet and playwright Paula Antonia Negri (1508-1555) gained recognition for her literary contributions.

During the 17th century, the name was particularly popular in England, where it was often spelled as Paulina. One prominent figure was Paulina Musters (1609-1660), a Dutch-born English actress and playwright who was active in the Restoration era.

In the 19th century, the name gained further popularity across Europe and the Americas. One notable individual was the German writer and feminist activist Paula Schramm (1839-1908), who advocated for women's rights and education.