The surname Zacharia originates from the Middle East, with prominent roots in Hebrew culture. It derives from the Hebrew name Zechariah (זְכַרְיָה), meaning "Yahweh remembers" or "God remembers." The name can be traced back to ancient Israel and Judah as early as the period of the Hebrew Bible. In particular, the biblical figure of Zechariah, a prophet during the 6th century BCE, provides one of the earliest examples of this name.

As the name spread from its Hebrew origins, it evolved into various forms in different languages and regions. For instance, in Greek, it became Zacharias, and in Latin, it morphed into Zacharias or Zacharia. These variations often found their way into many European languages, particularly in the regions influenced by the Christian church, where biblical names were commonly adopted.

In medieval records, the surname Zacharia appears in various documents and manuscripts. In Italy, one notable reference can be found in Venice, where the Jewish community had significant cultural and economic influence. Historical records from the early Renaissance period show a Venetian Jewish scholar named David ben Judah Zacharia, who lived in the late 15th century.

The name also appears in Spain with notable individuals such as Abraham Zacharia, a Jewish physician and scholar during the 14th century, who made contributions to medical and theological literature. Following the Spanish Inquisition, many bearers of the surname were expelled or forced to convert, spreading the name further across Europe, North Africa, and the Ottoman Empire.

In the context of the Jewish diaspora, the name continued to adapt. For example, in the Ashkenazi Jewish communities of Eastern Europe, the name often appears as Zachariah or sometimes as Zakariya in Yiddish-speaking regions. The varied spellings are reflective of the linguistic and cultural shifts experienced by Jewish communities in different countries.

A famous bearer of the surname in later centuries is Eleazar Zacharia, a notable 18th-century rabbi and Kabbalist from Jerusalem. He was known for his scholarly works and contributions to Jewish mysticism. Another prominent figure is Isaac Zacharia, a Spanish-Portuguese philosopher and historian who lived during the 17th century and was well-regarded for his writings on Jewish history and philosophy.

In the early 20th century, Abraham Zacharia, a Lithuanian Jewish immigrant, made his mark in the United States as a businessman and philanthropist. He played a significant role in the development of Jewish educational institutions and charitable organizations in New York City.

The surname Zacharia, with its rich history and various spellings, highlights the diverse cultural and geographical influences over centuries. From its Hebrew roots in antiquity to its spread across Europe and beyond, the name has been borne by scholars, religious leaders, and influential figures who left an enduring legacy in their respective fields.